@psp Yeah, I don't have any filters implemented on the router-level.
But oh my likeing god I feel so stupid, I just figured out what's messing with it. Freaking Malwarebytes. I never suspected it was MBAM because it never showed a notification whenever I copy a link (it always pops up every time it blocks anything) and nothing in the logs are showing it's blocking any kind of connection every time I visit the site or parse a link. Literally no indication or hint at all. And the fact that I can visit and browse the websites without any problem made me dismiss it as the source of the problem early on.
Then, I just decided to add doodstream.com and dood.to to the exclusions because I was doing a hail mary and it bloody worked. LOL
So thanks a lot for your patience with me and sorry for my stupidity, Jiaz and PSP.